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Resume current goal sample. DNS enumeration is the process of locating all the DNS servers and their corresponding records for an organization. The idea is to gather as much interesting details as possible about your target before initiating an attack. You can use nslookup command available on Linux to get DNS and host-related information.
Preventing DNS Enumeration is a big challenge. If your DNS is not configured in a secure way, it is possible that lots of sensitive information about the network and organization can go outside and an untrusted Internet user can perform a DNS zone transfer. It is also called wiretapping applied to the computer networks.
There is so much possibility that if a set of enterprise switch ports is open, then one of their employees can sniff the whole traffic of the network. Anyone in the same physical location can plug into the network using Ethernet cable or connect wirelessly to that network and sniff the total traffic.
In other words, Sniffing allows you to see all sorts of traffic, both protected and unprotected. In the right conditions and with the right protocols in place, an attacking party may be able to gather information that can be used for further attacks or to cause other issues for the network or system owner. What can be sniffed? Promiscuous mode refers to the unique way of Ethernet hardware, in particular, network interface cards NICs , that allows an NIC to receive all traffic on the network, even if it is not addressed to this NIC.
By default, a NIC ignores all traffic that is not addressed to it, which is done by comparing the destination address of the Ethernet packet with the hardware address a. MAC of the device. While this makes perfect sense for networking, non-promiscuous mode makes it difficult to use network monitoring and analysis software for diagnosing connectivity issues or traffic accounting.
Switch Internet Sniffing the networks A sniffer can continuously monitor all the traffic to a computer through the NIC by decoding the information encapsulated in the data packets.
Types of Sniffing Sniffing can be either Active or Passive in nature. Passive Sniffing In passive sniffing, the traffic is locked but it is not altered in any way.
Passive sniffing allows listening only. It works with Hub devices. On a hub device, the traffic is sent to all the ports. In a network that uses hubs to connect systems, all hosts on the network can see the traffic. Therefore, an attacker can easily capture traffic going through.
The good news is that hubs are almost obsolete nowadays. Most modern networks use switches. Hence, passive sniffing is no more effective. Active Sniffing In active sniffing, the traffic is not only locked and monitored, but it may also be altered in some way as determined by the attack. Active sniffing is used to sniff a switch-based network.
It involves injecting address resolution packets ARP into a target network to flood on the switch content addressable memory CAM table.
CAM keeps track of which host is connected to which port. This protocol is efficient, but it does not include any protection against sniffing. This protocol does not include protection against sniffing because it can be trapped. All the data is sent as clear text that can be easily sniffed. Sniffers are not the dumb utilities that allow you to view only live traffic. If you really want to analyze each packet, save the capture and review it whenever time allows.
Hardware Protocol Analyzers Before we go into further details of sniffers, it is important that we discuss about hardware protocol analyzers. These devices plug into the network at the hardware level and can monitor traffic without manipulating it. These hardware devices are not readily available to most ethical hackers due to their enormous cost in many cases.
LI must always be in pursuance of a lawful authority for the purpose of analysis or evidence. Therefore, LI is a security process in which a network operator or service provider gives law enforcement officials permission to access private communications of individuals or organizations.
Almost all countries have drafted and enacted legislation to regulate lawful interception procedures; standardization groups are creating LI technology specifications. Usually, LI activities are taken for the purpose of infrastructure protection and cyber security.
However, operators of private network infrastructures can maintain LI capabilities within their own networks as an inherent right, unless otherwise prohibited. LI was formerly known as wiretapping and has existed since the inception of electronic communications.
Sniffing tools are extremely common applications. It supports active and passive dissection of many protocols and includes many features for network and host analysis. It offers a tremendous number of features designed to assist in the dissection and analysis of traffic. Available at www. Dsniff is designed for Unix and Linux platforms and does not have a full equivalent on the Windows platform.
This tool is used by the FBI and other law enforcement agencies. A potential hacker can use any of these sniffing tools to analyze traffic on a network and dissect information.
What is ARP Spoofing? Attackers flood a target computer ARP cache with forged entries, which is also known as poisoning. ARP poisoning uses Man-in-the-Middle access to poison the network. What is MITM? In this case, the victims think that they are communicating with each other, but in reality, the malicious actor controls the communication.
Some protocols such as SSL serve to prevent this type of attack. You can perform this attack in local LAN. Step 3: Make sure you are connected to local LAN and check the IP address by typing the command ifconfig in the terminal. It will start scanning the whole network for the alive hosts. This list also includes the default gateway address.
We have to be careful when we select the targets. Step 8: Now we have to choose the targets. In MITM, our target is the host machine, and the route will be the router address to forward the traffic.
In an MITM attack, the attacker intercepts the network and sniffs the packets. So we will add target 1 as victim IP and target 2 as router IP. You can see the results in the toolbar of Ettercap.
This is how sniffing works. ARP Poisoning has the potential to cause huge losses in company environments. This is the place where ethical hackers are appointed to secure the networks. In the next chapter, we will discuss another type of attack known as DNS poisoning. An attacker can create fake DNS entries for the server which may contain malicious content with the same name. For instance, a user types www. As we understand, DNS poisoning is used to redirect the users to fake pages which are managed by the attackers.
To initiate DNS poisoning, you have to start with ARP poisoning, which we have already discussed in the previous chapter. We will use DNS spoof plugin which is already there in Ettercap. This file contains all entries for DNS addresses which is used by Ettercap to resolve the domain name addresses. If someone wants to open Facebook, he will be redirected to another website.
See the following example: Step 3: Now save this file and exit by saving the file. Step 4: After this, the whole process is same to start ARP poisoning. It means the user gets the Google page instead of facebook. In this exercise, we saw how network traffic can be sniffed through different tools and methods. Here a company needs an ethical hacker to provide network security to stop all these attacks.
Defenses against DNS Poisoning As an ethical hacker, your work could very likely put you in a position of prevention rather than pen testing. Since you are using Mechanize, you can change the user-agent string just like how you change the proxy. The website that you are browsing now thinks that you are using a Netscape 6. What happens after is that websites that you are going to visit will attempt to present cookies that they can use as a unique identifier in order to identify you as a repeat visitor when you go back to their site the next time.
To prevent these websites from identifying you, you will need to see to it that you clear all the cookies from your browser whenever you perform functions that you want to be anonymous. Another built-in library in Python, called the Cookelib, will allow you to make use of various container types that will allow you to deal with cookies that website present you.
This will allow you to simply call the class using a browser object in the future. It also contains the functions that you were able to create earlier, which you can call individually or all at once using the anonymize function. The anonymize function will also allow you to select the option to wait for 60 seconds which will increase the time of requests that you send. While this will not change anything in the information that you submit to the website, this step will decrease the chance that the websites that you are visiting will recognize that the information being sent to them comes from a single source.
You will also notice that the file anonBrowser. Now, you can write a script where you can use the class that you have just created. In this example, you will be entering votes for an online competition on the website kittenwar. Using this script, you should be able to visit the targeted website anonymously five times, which will allow you to enter five votes using the same computer: After running this script, you will be able to fetch the targeted web page using five different unique sessions, which means that you are using different cookies every time you visit.
Wireless Attack: Dnspwn Attack This attack is created by using the airpwn tool, which is a framework for packet injection for wireless This tool is created to listen to incoming packets and then injects content to the access point when the incoming data matches a pattern that is specified in the config file.
To your target, your airpwn looks and behaves like the server that he is trying to communicate to. To perform this attack, you will need to have Backtrack or Kali Linux installed in your computer, as well as a wireless card adapter.
Follow these steps: 1. To do this, pull up airmon-ng from Kali Linux and then enter the following command. Once you have a monitor up and running, you can start creating the code for your attack. Create your code. You will need to make use of the scapy module in order to perform the dnspwn attack. Now that you have the scapy module, we can now make the function that will allow you to construe the request for the needed information and then do response injection. You can do this by working up the following layers: The scape module makes the entire process simple by removing away a lot of details that you do not need to be concerned about.
Once the other details has been abstracted away by scapy, you can use the following code: At this point, you have all the flags set for your attack. As you may have noticed, there is a certain limit when it comes to sending and receiving data through the network and your own networking interfaces. The reason for this limit is the amount of bandwidth that you have, and if other users are not hogging the bandwidth, the faster your connections will be.
When all the bandwidth that should be available to you, you are experiencing a DoS Denial of Service. Once you already found that service, you can make the program behave in a way that it is not supposed to do, which will cause the remote host to take up all its available resources and then take it offline. This will cause the host to ignore any application that are listening to that particular host and then reply with a packet that says ICMP Destination Unreachable.
To do this, all you need to do is to pull up your text editor and input the following code: Save this code as udpflood. To run the code, pull up IDLE and then execute the program, which will prompt you to enter all the other information that you need.
Take note that this hack is directed to only one port, but if you want to exploit all other 65, ports that are available. Chapter 9: Hacks for the Web You may be wondering how to get past certain website protection policies in order to get a file that you want, browse anonymously, or get more information about the website that you want to penetrate to launch a massive attack. In this chapter, you will learn how you can perform Creat hacks on a website using some programs that you can create using Python.
Creating an SSH Botnet Now that you know how to create a port scanner and you are aware of how you can find vulnerable targets, you can now proceed to exploit their vulnerabilities. One of the ways to do this is to exploit the Secure Shell protocol SSH in order to get login credentials from clients. What is a botnet? Bots, as the name implies, are incredibly useful when it comes to automating services in practically any device.
Botnets, on the other hand, is a group of bots that are joined together by a network which allows system administrators e to efficiently do automated tasks over an entire system of users that are connected together by a server or a local network.
While botnets are essentially tools for easy managing of several computers, they can also be tools that you can use for unintended purposes, such as creating a DoS or DDoS Distributed Denial of Service that may cause a website to load multiple times in a session or for commenting on social media sites continuously.
Assuming that the hosts credentials are stored in a file that has this format: username hostname:port password. Now that you have these credentials, you will need to consider the functions that you need to create.
This may mean that you need to run a status check to see running hosts, make an interactive shell session to communicate with a targeted host, and perform a command on selected hosts. To begin, you will need to import every member of the namespace fabric. Once you have these setup, you will not have to enter each password for each new connection.
Now that you have this setup, you can now proceed to running the commands. To be able to do this, you will need to create a menu that will enable you execute the other tasks with the specified hosts using the execute function of Fabric. Scraping Websites that Needs Login Credentials If you want to mine data from a website, you will find that you will first need to log in before being able to access any information that you want.
This means that in order to get the data that you need, you will first need to extract all the details that you need to login to your targeted website. Since it is prompting you to supply user credentials, you are unable to go into the website and mine the information that you want. As you may have guessed, you will have to build a dictionary that will allow you to put in details for the log in. Chapter Understanding Attacks Using Python Hacking is not all about launching attacks — understanding how black hat hackers launch target and penetrate their target systems will make you understand how you can use your newfound knowledge to prevent your own system from being vulnerable to them.
Knowing User Locations Out of Tweets If you have been using Twitter, you may think that you are tweeting your updates from sheer randomness; however, the truth is that you are following an informal formula for the tweets that you compose. There are other data included in your tweet, which may not be visible in the body of your tweet, such as an image that you want to share or a location.
To a hacker, all the information in your tweet contains something that will be important in writing an attack — when you think about it, you are giving away information about the person that you are interested in, links that you and your friend are likely to be interested in, and trends that you might want to learn about.
Your script will look like this: When your script returns with the above results, you are likely to deduce that the these teams are tweeting live from where they are.
From this output, you may deduce that the Red Sox are playing in Toronto, while the Nationals are in Denver. Matching an IP Address to a Physical Location Most of the time, people are willing to post what is on their mind on social media sites, or perform attacks that they find using online tools that they can download, thinking that they will never have to face the consequences of their actions. While most bullheaded yet inexperienced hackers and online trolls think that they can hide behind a fake account to conceal their identity, you can prove that these people are not as anonymous as they think they are.
In fact, there are several ways to use libraries and third-party modules in Python to unmask the location and identity of a user based on his or her IP address. For example, you suspect that your system is being targeted by another hacker and you notice that your open ports are being sniffed by a particular IP address. Python can help you do that using a script that is similar to what is going to be discussed in this section. Using this free database, you will aim to write a code that will match the IP addresses found on their list to cities.
Once you are able to download the GeoCityLite database, you will be able to analyze the IP addresses down to locating the country name, state, postal code, and a general longitude and latitude.
To make the job easier, you can use a Python library created to analyze this database. In this hack, you will learn how to analyze a network capture, and examine the protocol layer of each packet using the tool called Dpkt. When you run this script, you will be able to find both the source and destination IP addresses: The next thing that you will want to do is to match these IP addresses with a physical location.
You can improve the script that you have just created by creating an additional function retGeoStr , which will give you a physical location for the IP address that your code is able to locate. For this example, you will be able to find the three-digit country code and the city for each IP address and then have the code display this information. Just in any case the function prompts you with an exception, handle it by providing a message that indicates that the address is not registered.
Once you are able to add the function retGeostr to the script that you were able to produce earlier, you will be able to create a good packet analysis toolkit that will allow you to view the physical destinations of packets that you want to study.
Now that you are aware that your data is possibly being routed to too many different computers, you get the idea that you need to improve your security by securing your ports.
You will want to make sure that your location is untraceable, and that is because of a good number or reasons. For the sake of practicing white hat hacking, you will want to learn how programmers are able to mask their location especially when they perform reconnaissance attacks or DoS attacks, which makes use of the Internet Protocol and see to it that you check your traffic from time to time to see if your activities are being listened to by an unknown IP address.
At the same time, you may also want to protect yourself from being targeted by black hat hackers by hiding your location. To black hat hackers, IP spoofing essentially lets them conceal their identity and location whenever they perform their attack.
Doing so will also allow them to impersonate another computer system and defeat existing security measures which may require authentication based on their IP addresses. This will allow an attacker to modify or stop all traffic, or intercept data sent over the network. Using the following code, you can catch all packets that are routed towards a targeted machine, which entails being able to see all the information that a targeted user sends out, which allows you to view private communication that is not protected by any form of encryption.
Find Information About the Targeted Machine To find out how you can hack your target, you will need to check the ARP cache on the machine that you want to attack. Take note of this to check the ARP cache while you have an ongoing attack and verify that you have changed the MAC address that corresponds to the gateway. You have also setup a packet sniffer that will capture traffic for your targeted machine.
All that is left for you to do is to write these packets out to a PCAP file that you can pull up later using the Wireshark tool, or use an image carving script. Now that you are able to setup the hack, you are now ready to code the ARP poisoning. However, being able to modify the contents of a malware will enable you to bypass antivirus detection. In this hack, you will be able to learn how to create a malicious code using a Kali Linux component called Metasploit.
This program can generate malware, but most of the antivirus companies can easily recognize content written by this software when they are released into a computer as they are written originally. In order to create an antivirus-proof malware, you will need to tweak the malware that you will create using software. Test Your Malware To see that the.
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